When answering the question don’t just talk about polarisation. You must first link that partisanship may cause polarization.

Essential Readings – must be included in essay:

● “I Disrespectfully Agree”: The Differential Effects of Partisan Sorting on Social and Issue Polarization by Lilliana Mason

● Partisan Dehumanization in American Politics by Cassese, Erin C.

● Political sectarianism in America by Eli J. Finkel; Christopher A. Bail; Mina Cikara; Peter H. Ditto; Shanto Iyengar; Samara Klar; Lilliana Mason; Mary C. McGrath; Brendan Nyhan; David G. Rand; Linda J. Skitka; Joshua A. Tucker; Jay J. Van Bavel; Cynthia S. Wang; James N. Druckman

● How Affective Polarization Undermines Support for Democratic Norms by Jon Kingzette; James N Druckman; Samara Klar; Yanna Krupnikov; Matthew Levendusky; John Barry Ryan

Still essential but less important than the top 4

● The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States – Webpage
● Democracy in America? Partisanship, Polarization, and the Robustness of Support for Democracy in the United States by MATTHEW H. GRAHAM; MILAN W. SVOLIK
● Americans’ growing partisan divide: 8 key findings | Pew Research Center – Webpage
● How Elite Partisan Polarization Affects Public Opinion Formation by JAMES N. DRUCKMAN, ERIK PETERSON and RUNE SLOTHUUS
● The Policy Basis of Measured Partisan Animosity in the United States by Lilla V. Orr; Gregory A. Huber
● United States: Racial Resentment, Negative Partisanship, and Polarization in Trump’s America by Alan Abramowitz; Jennifer McCoy
● Is Polarization a Myth? by Alan I. Abramowitz; Kyle L. Saunders
● Interventions to reduce partisan animosity by Rachel Hartman; Will Blakey; Jake Womick; Chris Bail; Eli J. Finkel; Hahrie Han; John Sarrouf; Juliana Schroeder; Paschal Sheeran; Jay J. Van Bavel; Robb Willer; Kurt Gray

Additional Readings

● The Ideological Foundations of Affective Polarization in the U.S. Electorate by Steven W. Webster; Alan I. Abramowitz
● How Ideology Fuels Affective Polarization by Jon C. Rogowski; Joseph L. Sutherland
● Political Polarization – Research and data from the Pew Research Center – Webpage
● Expressive Partisanship: Campaign Involvement, Political Emotion, and Partisan Identity by LEONIE HUDDY; LILLIANA MASON; LENE AARØE
● Losing Common Ground: Social Sorting and Polarization by Lilliana Mason
● America’s Polarized Politics: Causes and Solutions by Morris P. Fiorina

Last Completed Projects