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The Neo-Freudian TheoriesRelevant Research
Overview

Decades have passed since many neo-Freudian theorists broke away from the Freudian pack, allowing us to see how much more these theorists had in common with Freud than they probably realized at the time. Just as their theories are better thought of as elaborations of Freud’s psychoanalytic writings, so is the research covered in this chapter relevant for both Freudian and neo-Freudian approaches to personality. In each case, researchers began with concepts introduced by psychoanalytic theory but, much like the theorists who followed Freud, soon took their thinking in new directions.

We begin by examining research on anxiety and coping strategies. Although traditional psychoanalytic theorists emphasize unconscious sources of anxiety and defense mechanisms, research on coping strategies is concerned with anxiety-provoking events that people are aware of. We’ll look at some of the conscious efforts people make to cope with this anxiety.
Several decades ago, researchers borrowed some of Freud’s concepts to explain the causes of aggression. Although subsequent research took these investigators far from their psychoanalytic starting point, the legacy is clear. A number of Freudian terms—sublimation, displacement, catharsis—can be found throughout this research, which tells us a lot about why people become violent and how their aggressive behavior affects them.

Finally, we’ll examine the connection between infant–parent relationships and attachment styles in adults. Borrowing from a neo-Freudian approach known as object relations theory, researchers have identified patterns in the way people relate to their romantic partners. These adult attachment styles are said to have their origin in the attachment experiences children had with their parents, and studies suggest that these childhood experiences have an impact on adult romantic relationships.5 Pages – Minimum of 3 references ( 2021 to present).

Anxiety and Coping Strategies

Are we, as some popular writers suggest, in an “age of anxiety”? Have the good old days of afternoon strolls in the park and summer evenings on the porch been replaced with ever-present pressure to work harder and faster and be better than everyone else? The ubiquitous ads for massages, meditation, anti-anxiety drugs, get-away vacations, and the like seem to say that many of us have been pushed near some sort of anxiety breaking point. But are we really more anxious today, or do we just complain more? To answer this question, one investigator examined average anxiety scores reported in published studies throughout the second half of the 20th century (Twenge, 2000). Not only did anxiety scores rise throughout the five decades, but also by the 1980s the average American child reported higher levels of anxiety than child psychiatric patients in the 1950s. This trend has continued in recent years, especially on college campuses. A few years ago, anxiety passed depression as the most common psychological diagnosis among college students (Hoffman, 2015). Each year, nearly one out of every six college students is diagnosed or treated for an anxiety disorder. And it doesn’t just start with college. About 20% of boys and 30% of girls 12 to 17 years old have suffered from an anxiety disorder (Schrobsdorff, 2016). In short, the data suggest that we may indeed have entered an age of anxiety.
Anxiety and strategies for alleviating anxiety can be found throughout the works of psychoanalytic theorists. Although anxiety has been defined in many ways, most researchers would probably agree that it is above all else an unpleasant emotional experience. When you experience anxiety, you have feelings of worry, panic, fear, and dread. It is probably the emotional experience you would have if you were suddenly arrested or if you discovered that a diary containing some of your deepest secrets had been passed around among friends.

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How do you handle the anxiety in this situation? You might try to think of something other than what the dentist is doing, or think about the value of good dental hygiene. What you probably won’t do is concentrate on the potential pain.
Although Freud changed his thinking about anxiety several times during his career, his last major writing in this area identified three types of anxiety. First, there is reality anxiety, or objective anxiety, which is a response to a perceived threat in the real world. You probably experienced this type of anxiety if you were ever followed by a stranger or if you narrowly escaped a serious automobile accident. In cases of reality anxiety, you are aware of the source of your emotional reaction.
Predictably, these conscious thoughts were not particularly interesting to Freud. He focused on two other types of anxiety, neither of which has an obvious external source. Neurotic anxiety is experienced when unacceptable id impulses are dangerously close to breaking into consciousness. It’s the type of anxiety that leads the ego to use defense mechanisms. Moral anxiety is brought about by the superego in response to id impulses that violate the superego’s strict moral code. Generally, moral anxiety is experienced as guilt.

Many neo-Freudian theorists adopted and adapted Freud’s ideas about anxiety in their writings. For example, the neurotic coping styles described by Horney are said to develop in an effort to reduce and avoid anxiety. Eventually, they expanded the notion of defenses to include the conscious and deliberate methods people use to deal with their anxiety (Snyder, 1988). As if to acknowledge the Freudian legacy, these theorists often retained the names of unconscious defense mechanisms when describing conscious efforts to cope with anxiety. Thus, today, we sometimes speak of a person being “in denial” even when that individual is fully aware of the problem and intentionally trying to ignore it. To avoid confusion, we will draw a distinction here between defense mechanisms, which are unconscious processes, and coping strategies, which are conscious efforts. the book is Personality, Jerry, M Burger (10 edition )

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